CCT333

**Lab 10**

**Write three paragraphs to define the term 'ergonomics'. (3 paragraphs)** Ergonomics is designing for the human body so that they human body benefits from the best possible way to complete a task. It also ensures that the human body is most comfortable in a particular situation therefore, making them more productive as they are more content.

The overall goal of ergonomics is to ensure the individual is comfortable in a given situation where they are needed to do work so, that as a result they work better. Many products and services are designed for the human body to ensure that the human body is made use of in the best way possible.

An example, of an ergonomic design is based on two areas that benefit both the human and the company which are comfort and efficiency. These two areas can range from things such as the height of your chair to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome or the amount of steps in order to make a task more efficient. These simple things are what makes ergonomics an important tool to many businesses by keeping employees content, so they see results in all areas. **What is the 'Gilbreth system of motion analysis' (1 paragraph)** Motion study was developed when Gilbert had first studied the brick laying that was done by individuals where they would be consistently bending down to pick up mortar and brick in order to complete the job. After realizing that they were exhausting a lot of energy and inefficient being used in this exercise of brick laying. Therefore, Gilbert designed a one-motion scaffolding platform which gave workers no reason to bend down so, that the bricks were lifted to the workers to increase the overall productivity of a worker by 200%.

Who was Henry Ford influenced by the efficiency expert, Frederick Taylor? (2 paragraphs) Henry Ford was an industrialist who was the creator of the first economical car and had changed the production lines of how cars were made. His influence was from Frederick Taylor, who was an efficiency expert. Taylor’s method was to find the most efficient method of accomplishing a task. Taylor would studied his workers movement by timing them with stopwatches and looking at how they accomplished a task. In doing so, Taylor managed to increase the overall efficiency of the process. He did so by breaking down the process into increments of automated steps. This method ensured that anyone could be taught the specific task as the work was repetitive and therefore, in this economy many skilled workers were not a priority in accomplishing such tasks.

Ford became heavily influenced off of Taylor’s idea of efficiency and introduced an assembly line which played off of Taylor’s efficiency practice. By doing so, Ford had gained efficiency in mass production of cars and was able to meet the needs of the demanding market. On the other hand, with the introduction of the assembly line the workers were not able to control of the speed of the work being done and sometimes this had a physical effect on them. This type of model was not considered ergonomic as it put stress on the workers bodies and they would overexert themselves in these factory conditions.

**What are the four basic principles of McDonaldization? (List of 4)** 1. Efficiency- the best way to accomplish a target goal or task 2. Predictability- tasks that are standardized from one place to another place 3. Calculability- quantity over the quality 4. Non-human technology: taking the skills away from people and building it into technology

**Lab 9**

**According to the slideshow by Sylvain Cottong, who is an employee at** [|__**http://www.integratedplace.com**__]**, describe the tools and methods of 'service design' (2 paragraphs).**

The tools and methods of //Service Design// are used to create an overall better experience for users. It ultimately is designed through a human-centered approach to create a quality service in customer servicing. Cottong ensures that these tools and methods will provide a more efficient and effective relationship between customers and the service in which they are using. The key benefits from service design is to create that customer loyalty and reduce overhead costs by improving the experience between customer and business.

In order to create the overall quality service they use tools such as; customer journey map which illustrates the users experience, service blue printing that allows a quantitative description of the service, like what is happening at the given time and space of the exchange in information. Ideation, context mapping and participatory designs is a method that uses the users expectations of what they would like from a service, so that all customers can have a positive experience. Service prototyping is another method that entails various situations of simulation and brainstorming by storytelling and storyboards. This encourages creative thinking and trial methods to see what works best.

**From your personal experience, what would be a scenario in which these methods would be useful? (2 paragraphs)**

A senario in which these methods would be considered useful in my everyday life would be when purchasing a product over the internet ensuring that the website is user friendly and uses my time efficiently. In understanding, what users want from when shopping online is what creates //stickiness// to the website.

If the website is complex or you have to sign up for it and give all this unnecessary information or it is difficult to find what you are looking for. As a user you will likely great frustrated and leave the site, this for a business is a potential customer that has been lost due to the simple fact that the user ability of the website is not easy to navigate or use. By using the method of service prototyping you can troubleshoot the areas to ensure that the customer is being serviced to the best of the websites capability so they both you and the customer are satisfied with the outcome.

**Lab 8**

**Describe how Natalie Jeremijenko has based her research on "new technologies are an opportunity for social transformation" to perform "small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health".** **Tip: Opening up TED's interactive transcript is very helpful to understand her talk and also looking over her web site on the Environmental Health at Clinic at** [|__**http://www.environmentalhealthclinic.net/people/natalie-jeremijenko/**__]**. (2 paragraphs)**

Natalie Jeremijenko research on “new technologies are an opportunity for social transformation” are based on the redesign of environmental health and redefining the overall meaning of health. Her twist is on how a health clinic used for environmental health concerns will help to improve our environment and interactions with the environment as organisms. By doing so, we are potentially creating a better life and improving our internal health and immune systems by working with the environmental conditions that we are dealt with in todays’ socialized driven world. Natalie works in her university lab at NYU by inviting patients in order to reinvigorate the way “patients” see how the environment impacts their overall health.

She looks at the overall goal of her research as a way for individuals to understand the dependence of external environments rather than the genetic predisposition of an individual creating these health affects. The new technologies and experiments she has put in place with the help of her students have been projects to improve the local environment. What have made these small projects so successful is taking into consideration the effects of the environment and by using social change to make these designs happen.

**Choose two projects on HowStuffisMade at** [|__**http://howstuffismade.org/**__] **and write about how they are made. (1 paragraph each/2 paragraphs)**

Jeremijenko mentioned a number of examples in her presentation on experiments and design projects that facilitate in encouraging environmental health. The first project I took interest in was the production of //Eau-de-vie.// The first step in how //Eau-de-vie// is made starts off with gathering fresh fruit through the summer and fall season months as these seasons are most ideal for growing the fruit. The collect most of their fruit within the state of Connecticut which is the local grower and most important since fruit for distilling is needed to be harvested later on in the season to allow the fruit to ripen. The second step is called “Sorting the Fruit” which the fruit is washed and sorted by hand. Waste fruit is then dumped on-site for decomposition. After sorting the fruit, it is loaded onto a conveyor which feeds what is called a hammermill which crushes the fruit into a thick liquid. Eventually, the sorted fruit is then filled into 20 bins for fermentation which is a laborious task and the wait time can take several months until the process is complete. When the brix drops to zero, that means all the sugar has been converted to alcohol and fermentation is complete. Next, is distillation where the fermentation mash is put into batches of approximately 75 gallon containers into the still which, is a copper pot-still that is indirectly heated by steam from nearby boiler until the alcohol boils off. The alcohol vapor is the condensed by a column and liquid distillate runs out into a collecting jug. The first part of the distillate, called the "heads", contains mostly methanol and must be isolated as it is toxic. After the heads are removed the hearts can be collected, when the distillate switches from "heads" to "hearts" makes a difference in the quality of the best taste of the product. The tail is then collected which contains many compounds that taste bad that need to be removed. This distillate contains about 60-80% alcohol. Some distillers will distill the product multiple times to ensure that the "hearts" are as pure as possible, however, this causes the distillate to lose some of its fruit essence. After distillation, the aging process is where some fruits will benefit from this process to create more complex flavors and others not. The next stage called blending, is when the aged product is diluted before it is bottled with spring water to produce an overall good-tasting product. In this step you must ensure you know your market well enough to get the right taste. Second last stage is bottling where each bottle is inspected to ensure the correct amount of liquid is filled up in the bottle. They are then corked and sealed with hot wax. The brand labels are applied by hand and each given a bottle number. Lastly, is the distribution stage, where it is distributed throughout Connecticut and nearby states to sell the the public the finished product //Eau-de-vie//.

The second project of //Howitsmade// is the production of the fortune cookie, which is made up from four simple ingredients - sugar, flour, eggs and water. These ingredients are then mixed and then are flattened by a rotating wheel which flattens the cookie into wafers that pass through the oven, being baked in the oven at 375 degrees Fahrenheit. Then as they come out a mechanical arm folds them into the shape of a fortune cookie. Soon after, a women inspects the machine for an defected ones and also puts the piece of paper inside the cookie. The women then loads them back into a conveyor belt to be individually wrapped and shipped into cardboard boxes.

**Why is it important that we understand how stuff is made as part of our systems analysis and design process? (1 paragraph)**

It is important to understand how stuff is made is a part of our systems and the design processes because as Jeremijenko has mentioned we are all apart of a greater society and everything is connected to one another. If we realize how things are made we have a better understanding of the natural resources and energy we are using the create these products. If we understand what is actually put into the designing of products and the process maybe as consumers we will think twice about what we purchase and find a better way into producing the product or diminishing it altogether.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">**Lab 7**

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">**Describe how he defines 'design as a collaborative process', and cite two examples of how creators involve the people they want to create for in their work, according to Bill Moggridge's lecture. (1 paragraph each/3 paragraphs)** <span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">Bill Moggridge’s lecture on “design as a collaborative process” as a group effort in integrating individuals of different backgrounds in design as well as end users into the mix of brainstorming and testing the actual design. By doing this the individuals within the group can come up with a final design that suits both the designer and the user. In valuing outside individuals who have other design backgrounds helps to generate other ideas that potentially might not have been thought of. In using group interaction and the togetherness of people as Moggridge described helps in the creation of the design development. The shared mind of the group allows for the incorporation of different peoples knowledge and history in creating a product that all with be satisfied with.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">One example Moggridge used in how the creators and users were involved was the American Red Cross donor program. In this example, blood donors were included in the marketing research by making a public profile for each individual with their photograph and a personal story. This strategy encouraged others to donate and share their stories. The overall purpose was to humanize the process and encourage others to donate.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">The second example is the device for nose, throat and ear surgery in which the designers included surgeons in the research process and discussion of the design development. The surgeon became more interactive and involved in this process has they actually sat in discussion how to to redesign the tool to perform their job better. In doing this it gave the surgeons more confidence in the design as well as gave them the opportunity to feel that they contributed to the design. accomplishment and the feeling of being part of the project. As a result, the product was very successful in being more effective.

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">**Find an online example of a product which utilizes his principles of collaborative design which it involves people in it design. Cite its URL, and describe its design process in two paragraphs, and how it involved its user(s) in a a paragraph. (3 paragraphs)**

<span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Microsoft SharePoint Server is software design to share information through collaboration, file sharing and web publishing. It is composed of 3 tiers; Web Front End role that processes HTTP requests to the Server, an application layer that provides such features as Search and Excel Services and a Microsoft SQL Server data storage. It is created based on a Technical Decision-Makers, Developers, IT Professionals and the End User. This collaborative process involves the creation of user friendly interfaces, maintenance and overall database design in how to access the information. <span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sharepoint has gone through a few editions in the past couple of years in upgrading its technology as well as making it more user friendly. This a web application that uses databases and data storage as a collaborative library for users to collaborate on documents and file share information within a company. It creates a community for a business to strategize and to assist everyone in making better decisions by saving time, money and effort. <span style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sharepoint allows users who are confirmed to be a member of the group that is established on it and then able to create, share, change information for all members of the group to view. As well, these users are able to do just the same thing. The user is able to customize their solutions to meet their needs and find the information easily. Every individual that is connected are able to make decisions better and share their ideas and expertise in an accessible way.

<span style="color: #0b22a2; font: normal normal normal 13px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">__[]__

====<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow located at** [|__**http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/02/0209_green_biomimic/index_01.htm**__] **and write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs. Describe why you like the design in your responses.** ====

====<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Innovation Inspired by Nature, discusses how to re-design our interaction with nature by using the simplistic design of nature in our designs. These simple designs can help to solve problems of everyday design and reduce the overall impact on the environment. ====

====<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">My first favorite design was designed by Joris Laarman called the “Bone Furniture”. His design mimics the structure of bones and how their hollow structure are such a strong structural support. Laarman used software to create this design based on how bones grow over time. This design pattern has influenced designs in General Motors developing new car parts making them lighter and more effective in performance of strength. The reason for liking this design is it inspires other companies to use more light-weight products and be more efficient in the amount of raw material they are using. With this design you are able to use less material and have an effective design that works. ====

==== The second design I admire is the “Self-Healing Pipelines” which mimics the design of how human veins heal wounds, it was designed by Binker Technology. The technology is applied to the design in oil pipeline leaks using platelets to seal in the leaks. These platelets contained a radioisotopes that are designed to locate the section where the pipe leak is being contained. This design I like because it is a smart in how they used the human body as the design influence in how to solve this problem. In using the pressure forces the fluid out of the leak causes the platelets to amass at the point of rupture, clogging up the escaping fluid in the process. The design is very interesting in how it works and I believe that this design of “Self-Healing Pipelines” will help prevent in future cases like BP’s infamous oil spill which, cost billions and also caused a lot of environmental damage to our ecosystem in the oceans. ====

====<span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Lastly, the third interesting biomicimcry design was the “Low-Energy Carbon Sequestration which removes harmful chemicals from the environment. This of course, is an obvious one for its likability as it is minimizes the amount of CO2 humans digest into their systems through carbon emissions. The design is based on Carbozyme which mimics that of mollusks which sequester CO2 from waste gases by converting them into nontoxic limestone powder. I like this design as it has little environmental impact from the use of materials but, also has a huge impact on how humans deal with the poison of CO2 emissions by separating the good from the bad. ====

====<span style="color: #333233; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Biomimetic design, is an interesting strategy in creating new green products as well as giving companies a chance to incorporate innovative designs as well as getting the best bang for their buck in sustainability. ====

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Lab 5**

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**As part of 'Experience Prototyping', bodystorming has been developed as a method of enquiry for interactive design. Research the definition of 'bodystorming', and write three paragraphs describing its characteristics.(3 paragraphs)**

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;"> Bodystorming is a concept that circles around the idea of brainstorming with your body, it gives individuals/designers the ability to initiate the actual scenario and embodied the experience of your potential idea. The concepts goal is for the participants in bodystorming to figure //things// out by testing out ideas or concepts through a series of different levels of interaction. There are three basic levels that bodystorming consists of which are //Go Observe, Try it Out,// and //Reflect on what happens & why.//

<span style="font: 13px/22px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">The first phase of bodystorming is developing put yourself in the actual environment which your idea is stemming from. By doing this your are embodying the overall experience of the environment through a voyeuristic way and collecting a non biased analysis of your overall idea’s potential.

<span style="font: 13px/22px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">Secondly, the phase called //Try it out// involves the work of role play through props to develop the idea. It is a basic reflection of sherades in how people develop the overall idea using props and their body to map out the overall idea. The groups main focus is to concentrate on how they interact with each other, their surroundings, and makeshift artifacts, through testing existing ideas and possibly uncovering new ones.

<span style="font: 13px/22px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">Lastly, phase 3 is how the group uncovers flaws by creating an experience then reflecting on the assumptions made. This phase is useful as it provides talking points for an open discussion of key points and suggestions that can be said to improve the idea. These three phases of bodystorming help define through different methods of how the contextual attributes for each interactive design will work within a particular environment.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** With a partner, develop a use-case theater scenario and describe how you would use bodystorming and video to help you analyze the design of an artifact. This artifact is a medicine bottle for a woman who is 80 years old, arthritic, partially blind and partially deaf, and the system to design is the system whereby she finds and takes her medicine. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> ** It is helpful to keep this method in mind as you work to design your group project. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> ** On this section of the tutorial, include both names for marking. Use a pen and paper to develop your use-case theater scenario as a mind map. You can scan and upload this diagram to your wikispace tutorial page as part of your answer, if you would like. (25 minutes, 2 names, 4 paragraphs, one diagram) **

Design for medicine bottle & bracelet:
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Problem: Partial vision**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Small light indicator on both designs to indicate which medicine to take
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Problem: Partial Hearing**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">speaker/alarm on the bracelet to tell her which medicine to take and when to take it
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Problem: Arthritic**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">easy to press button; unlocks the top of the bottle & easy to slide top to lock back onto the bottle



<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Lab 4**

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Write six paragraphs, one on each stage of the 'materials economy', and define its interactions. (6 paragraphs/one stage each paragraph)**

The Material economy is known as a linear system that is driving our planet to new levels in the depletion of the Earth’s resources. The interaction between each stage of the Material Economy is critical for us as consumers to know how the products we buy are affecting the planet we live on. The Capitalist economy has created a world in which we live to consume and consume to live but, once all our resources are used up-then what?

First stage of this system is called //Extraction//, which defines the exploitation of natural resources. When we think of this a good example to know is the clear cutting in forests, this action is weakening out ecosystem and the natural resources we still have. We as a society are consuming more products and materials then we need for living. We are living outside our means at an accelerated pace which is not sustainable in the long run.

Next after the extraction of natural resources the resources flow over into //Production//, where the materials are mixed with toxins and chemicals which are harmful to the consumption of the product being made. There are many concerns with consumer health as well as the environmental impact from Production lines. As we are trying to make things more sustainable with chemical testing, we are still harming the environment through all the trial and error testing done. Even for some chemical testing that deem safe in products are sometimes showing that in the long run they are affecting consumers and the environment. The lack in testing procedures and protocol is still causing a negative backlash.

The third stage is known as the //Distribution// stage, tying in with the Production stage products are then distributed among communities and people spreading toxic products. In order to keep these prices low parts for products are shipped from many different places all over the world for cheap. The distributions main goal is to get consumers to buy immediately and keep prices low. This capitalist idea is eating away at communities that do not benefit from the profit but, are suffering due to the extraction of materials taken away from their living spaces.

Next we have //Consumption// which is the main driver in this system, living in Western society you can really tell the Consumerist society is an important part of what keeps the economy going within the Country. The constant flow of materials is the main concept of consumption. As mentioned in lab //you are not fitting in with culture if you are not contributing to consumption.// This social acceptance of individuals has become a social norm for many to feel a part of something, a community and the act of consumption is easy enough for people to participate in.

After we have consumed numerous amount of goods we then //Dispose// of them even if they are still useful we end up polluting our air, land, water, and in turn this impacts our climate. The Material economy has told consumers to buy but, they have not given proper instructions on how to dispose of material items simply, because they do not have a solid solution. //Why create a problem when you don’t have a solution?// Even the idea of recycling is not enough because of all the materials mashed up into one product you cannot sort, therefore, recycling seems obsolete.

This systems seems as if it were a vicious cycle of never ending toxins and affecting our ecosystem but, there is a way. In the last stage called //Another Way// is the concept of thinking differently about sustainability and creating change. With all the readily available technology we have there must be something we can do to decrease or make a significant impact on our consumerist society. Just like the idea of green chemistry in how it protects the environment by inventing new chemistry and new chemical processes that do not pollute in the first place. These type of sustainable initiatives are a step in the right direction and as consumers the more educated we are on this system the more we can educate others and create change.

**Lab 3**

**1. Describe Jan Chipchase's prior job (he now works at frog design** [|__**http://www.frogdesign.com/**__]**) in relation to his work at Nokia. What are the two names he is given in the article? (3 paragraphs)** <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">After working with Nokia for 10 years, Jan Chipchase who is now a human-behavior researcher working for Frog Design, was given these two names in the article. <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">His main work was in relation to the billions of people who held active cellular subscriptions and why they did. Chipchase had realized that whether you were an adult or a child the sense of convenience has become an important aspect to the use of products, especially being able to communicate. <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">In understanding this he travelled the world to remote areas in order to help Nokia figure out places where they could target their cellphone products and get a better understanding of the need for it. By traveling around the world and interacting with people from all over he was able to understand why they put the use of communication before the basic needs. He realized the value of telecommunications to these people. In turn, he helped Nokia to understand the services provided are what motivates the usage of the cellular services not necessarily the ownership of a phone. <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Chipchase’s role in the innovation of technology and telecommunications has been influential in how he is able to take his experiences from all over the world and apply it to the everyday user. We come to understand as the audience that telecommunications is a huge aspect of every day life and the needs of these products are similar but, the value is different.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**2. “It’s really quite striking,” Hammond says. “What people are voting for with their pocketbooks, as soon as they have more money and even before their basic needs are met, is telecommunications.” (World Resources Institute)** <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**In the spirit of this quote, describe four instances of how owning a cellphone enables users to better their lives. (4 paragraphs/ one for each instance)**

As mentioned by Chipchase //What do people carry?,// Chipchase mentions the cellphone as a technology that transcend time and space because of its convenient ability to be mobile. In owning a cellphone it enables users through the following instances of making life a little bit easier for everyone. Communication is an important and main use of the cellphone. People communicate on a daily basis and this creates a convenience for people. Being able to talk to someone that does not make sense geographically at a moments notice brings on the level of convenience for someone to communicate easily.\ With convenience of the cellphone comes the many applications that are built into the cellphone that make it easy to use to make a quick note, or send an email. With the //functionality// of a cellphone it increasingly cuts down the amount of time it would take to find a computer and send a message. With this our time has become more valuable with the idea that we can do more with our time. Another use of cellphones is the mobile-phone banking. This creates a huge convenience for individuals who are living in remote areas that cannot get to Banks easily because of lack in transportation, time, money, etc. The ability to obtain finances easily and instantaneously is a huge convenience to people who are connecting to one another across to country or the world. Now with mobile-phone banking there is concerns on security but, the ultimate security for many individuals nowadays is the prop of a cellphone being there if you need it in those //emergency// situations. The idea of a cellphone brings comfort to the user in their ability to contact help immediately as well as being tracked if necessary if they are lost. Also, this works in reverse with the users ability to find directions if lost in between point A to point B. Cellphones have become an extension of humans as a tool that helps us with everyday tasks and makes our time more valuable to us in what we do with it. To understand the uses of a cellphone and how much of an impact they have on us is great, sometimes it would seem that we are lost without it-even telling the time now many people don’t wear watches because of cellphones.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Lab 2**

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**1. Which product interests you the most, and why? (200 words)**

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">One product of interest to me is the //LifeStraw,// it is a critical component that helps to assist the poor who suffer from waterborne diseases. The access to a technology tool such as this is effective in preventing disease. this personal water-purification tool is helpful in its design as well as usability. Water is one of the main resources we as human find difficult to function without. Although, it may be a natural resource and not scarce in most countries, it is a problem when the available water is polluted with harmful diseases. With more than 6,000 people which majority are children die each day by consuming the unsafe drinking water. This type of product will help to reduce these numbers with access to this type of technology. <span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">However, I believe one of the more beneficial products to Third World Countries is the product development of One Laptop per child. It is an important service and initiative for the developing world to access information and knowledge. The access to information increases the chances for survival and becomes very beneficial for improving literacy rates, in turn, opening up opportunities for jobs then eliminating the chances of poverty. Both of these products will help to sufficiently improve Developing countries lifestyles and accessibility in this case will make a difference in their lives.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**2. Which category would interest you to research further for your group project, and why? (100 words)**

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Solar energy is an interesting topic of research as especially being a renewable resource which helps to create better living conditions for a small community to live off of. , In places like Africa and certain parts of Asia where living conditions are not the best and the environment in which they live in is not suitable. Energy consumption is what a lot of communities depend upon for survival. In researching solar energy to create a design that improves the accessibility of renewable energy ideas. Renewable energy ideas are important for third world nations also becoming very crucial all around the world for better living. In creating an innovative solution to these problems of renewable energy, communities can utilize designs like this to help benefit these villages and the Earth.

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Lab 1**

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">**Review the Tutorial 1 movies, and describe Jonathan Ives and his theory of 'undesign' in relation to his work at Macintosh. (200 words)**

<span style="font: 12px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;"> Jonathan Ives theory on //Undesign// is a big part of what makes him so successful in his job at Apple. Ives has been working with Apple as Senior V.P of Industrial Design. In expanding the Apple cult the design of Apple’s products are displayed as simple and pure in design. An example is the iMac 2002, is the design of swivel screen that is maneuverable by easy handling. This design was mentioned in one of the videos as a complex design but was solved through the bio-mimicry design of sunflowers. Ives describes, //undesign// as a minimalist view on a product design where everything that is not functional or unnecessary are not considered a smart design. The user understands what the product is doing, which is important for computer users today that every function on the computer is user friendly and accessible. For instance, //undesign// is to solve and minimalize design problems for functionality. Ives design theory on //undesign// has created and added value to the brand of what Apple stands for in its simplicity and functionality for its everyday users. Just thinking about "design" as simply style or fashion misses the point of Apple’s overall work, Ives main point is to ensure that it is functional and the products are used to the best of their //undesign.//